Fort William continued to be the capital of British-held territories in India. After victory, the Delhi Sultanate maintained a strong vigil on Bengal. [35] The archaeological sites of Wari-Bateshwar and Chandraketugarh are linked to the Gangaridai kingdom. It was also a bastion of regional kingdom. W. W. Hunter, “Annals Of Rural Bengal,” vol. The Danish also operated colonies on the Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Clive re-conquered Calcutta in the beginning of 1757 and compelled the Nawab to concede all the demands of the English. He came to power in 750 through an election by chieftains in Gauḍa. Shaista Khan's conquest of Chittagong in 1666 defeated the (Burmese) Kingdom of Arakan and reestablished Bengali control of the port city. Ibn Battua also visited the Sufi leader Shah Jalal in Sylhet, who had earlier defeated the Hindu ruler Govinda. Up to a third of the population died in 1770 and subsequent years. The French transferred sovereignty in 1952. The promotion of Bengali literature under the dynasty led to Bengali replacing the strong influence of Sanskrit in the region. Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar issued a farman, allowing East India Company a dury-free trade in Bengal. Both universities were represented in the Bengal Legislative Assembly under the Government of India Act, 1935. The Sylhet region in Assam joined East Bengal after a referendum on 6 July 1947. The largest mosque in India was built in Bengal to project the new sultanate's imperial ambitions. [50], The Pala dynasty was replaced by the resurgent Hindu Sena dynasty which hailed from south India; they and their feudatories are referred to in history books as the "Kannada kings." These years have been described by a recent British historian, Percival Spear, as “the period of open and unashamed plunder”. The Chittagong Hill Tracts frontier region was made a tributary state of Mughal Bengal and a treaty was signed with the Chakma Circle in 1713. The following table lists the geopolitical divisions of ancient Bengal. Maharaja Rudranarayan consolidated the dynasty and expanded the kingdom and converted it into one of the most powerful Hindu kingdom of the time. One subedar was Prince Shah Shuja, who was the son of Emperor Shah Jahan. [89] This flowering of religious and social reformers, scholars, and writers is described by historian David Kopf as "one of the most creative periods in Indian history".[90]. The British Occupation of Bengal The beginning of British political influence over India may be traced to the battle of Plassey in 1757, when the English East India Company's forces defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. The English refused to comply as they felt strong after their victory over the French in south India. Hindus served in the royal administration as prime ministers and poets. ... people died in 1943 in Bengal Province of British India due to famine. History, Indian History, British Conquest, Bengal, British Occupation, British Occupation of Bengal. Ancient Bengal was often ruled by dynasties based in the Magadha region, such as the Shunga dynasty. Under Regulating Act, the Bengal Presidency gained control over the other two presidencies. They compelled the Indian artisans, peasants and merchants to sell their goods cheap but buy dear from them. His reign lasted between 590 and 625. [77] This devastated Bengal's economy, as many of the people killed in the Maratha raids included merchants, textile weavers,[77] silk winders, and mulberry cultivators. Gopala reigned from about 750–770 and consolidated his position by extending his control over all of Bengal. The French took the side of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah during the Battle of Plassey in 1757. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided during India's independence in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal—a state of India—and East Bengal—a part of the newly created Dominion of Pakistan that later became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971. Roger Drake (1757) 2. To read Bengal famine and Responsibility for Holocaust. The Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent absorbed Bengal into the medieval Islamic and Persianate worlds. From Madras came a strong naval and military force under Admiral Watson and Colonel Clive. Today our topic is resistance to the British in Bengal and consequences of such opposition. The directorate later became a colony of the Dutch Empire in 1725. It boosted British prestige and at a single stroke raised them to the status of a major contender for the Indian empire. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. [28] Bengal was settled by Austroasiatics, Tibeto-Burmans, Dravidians and Indo-Aryans in consecutive waves of migration. [28] Remnants of Copper Age settlements, including pit dwellings, date back 4,000 years. An interesting theory of the origin of the name is provided by Abu'l-Fazl in his Ain-i-Akbari. The British in Bengal were not unopposed. The Arabs were among the earliest settlers, especially in coastal areas. Siraj-ud-Daulah had the statesmanship to see the long-term implications of the English designs. The property was sold to Bengali aristocrats, who exchanged the property several times until it became the property of the Dhaka Nawab Family. Even though Mir Jafar owed his position to the Company, he soon repented the bargain he had struck. Under the Mughal Empire, Bengal was an affluent province with a Muslim majority and Hindu minority. It was introduced in the United States in 1833, Germany in 1835, Italy in 1839, France in 1844 and Spain in 1848. [53] Gradually, eastern Bengal was absorbed into Muslim rule by the 14th century, such as through the Conquest of Sylhet. According to the Mahabharata, the Puranas and the Harivamsha, Vanga was one of the adopted sons of King Vali who founded the Vanga Kingdom. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 replaced rule by the Company with the direct control of Bengal by the British Crown. But the Delhi Sultanate managed to suppress Bengal's Muslim separatists for a century. In addition, he paid large sums as ‘gifts’ or bribes to the high officials of the Company. There are also records of the sultans' relations with Egypt, Herat and some kingdoms in Africa. Many Arakanese escaped persecution in Burma and settled in southern Bengal during the 18th century. The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire led to quasi-independent states under the Nawabs of Bengal, subsequent to the Maratha invasions of Bengal, and finally the conquest by the British East India Company. For example, the Muslim sultan promoted the translation of Sanskrit epics like the Ramayana into the Bengali language. Disclaimer Copyright, History Discussion - Discuss Anything About History, Wars under British Rule in India | Indian History, Growth of East India’s Company Trade | Indian History, British Relations with India and Subjugation of the Principal Indian Powers | 18th Century, The British Ascendancy in Bengal: An Overview, Forts in India: 5 Magnificent Ancient Forts in India, Mosques in India: 15 Ancient Mosques in India. His reign saw native Bengali elements promoted in the court's culture. At the peak of its prosperity in the 18th century, the estate extended to around 5,000 square miles (13,000 km2) of territory[67] and even up to the early 20th century paid an annual revenue to the government in excess of 3,300,000 rupees. Bengal received many immigrants from West Asia, Central Asia, the Horn of Africa and North India during the sultanate and Mughal periods. The Bengal famine of 1943 occurred during World War II and caused the death of an estimated 2.1–3 million people. Although protest had been largely Hindu-led, such eminent leaders of the Indian nationalist movement at Nazrul Islam and Rabindranath Tagore stressed Hindu-Muslim unity. They demanded the re-imposition of duties on Indian traders. [49] The last ruler of the Chandra Dynasty, Govindachandra, was defeated by the south Indian Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the maritime Chola dynasty in the 11th century. The English language began to be used for commerce and government in Bengal. The leader of the expedition was Maharaja Raghuji of Nagpur. The English proclaimed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal and set out to gather the reward. The Pala period is regarded as one of Bengal's golden ages. He was eventually defeated by the army of Aurangazeb. History section provides you all type of mcq questions on British Rule In India with explanations. Thus, its control over Bengal was legalized and the revenues of this most prosperous of Indian provinces placed at its command. Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent, textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, largest empires in subcontinental history, Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council, http://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/pdf/yang-chapter2.pdf, "Which India is claiming to have been colonised? This plunder of Bengal is well documented in the British records as Lord Clive and Warren Hastings, the first two governors of Bengal, were both tried in the British Parliament for corruption, though they were exonerated – due largely to wealth induced influence peddling by the rich BEIC. Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. M. Mufakharul Islam (2007), Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study, Cambridge South Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press, Pages: 300. Ancient Bengal was often divided between various kingdoms. It paved the way for the British mastery of Bengal and eventually of the whole of India. [19][28] Archaeological evidence confirms that by the second millennium BCE, the Bengal delta was inhabited by rice-cultivating communities, with people living in systemically-aligned housing and producing pottery. Numerous colleges and schools were established in each district. In Ptolemy's world map, the emporium of Sounagoura (Sonargaon) was located in Bengal. British Rule in Bihar After the Battle of Buxar, 1764, the Mughals as well as the Nawabs of Bengal lost effective control over the territories then constituting the province of Bengal, which currently comprises the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, and Bangladesh. The plunder of Bengal directly contributed to the Industrial Revolution in Britain,[15][16][17][18] with the capital amassed from Bengal used to invest in British industries such as textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution and greatly increase British wealth, while at the same time leading to deindustrialisation of Bengal's traditional textile industry.[15][16][17]. The province was also well-known for its textiles, silk and saltpetre. Robert Clive (First Administration; 1757-1760) The beginnings of British political sway over India may be traced to the battle of Plassey in 1757, when the English East India Company’s forces defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. No ruler could possibly accept this position. Bengal was divided by the British rulers for administrative purposes in 1905 into an overwhelmingly Hindu west (including present-day Bihar and Odisha) and a predominantly Muslim east (including Assam). The Gangaridai army was stated to have a war elephant cavalry of 6000 elephants. At times, the region was unified into a single realm; while it was also ruled by pan-Indian empires. The Mauryan Empire unified most of the Indian subcontinent into one state for the first time and was one of the largest empires in subcontinental history. The capital of this dynasty was Bikrampur in present-day Munshiganj District of Bangladesh. In all, the English lost 29 men while the Nawab lost nearly 500. The Roman Catholic Church was established in Bengal by the Portuguese in Chittagong, when the first Vicar Apostolic was appointed in the port city. Its other rulers included Sarfaraz Khan and Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan. Both sides realised that a war to the finish would have to be fought between them. Two universities were established in Bengal during British rule, including the University of Calcutta and the University of Dacca. This injured the Indian merchants as they had to pay taxes from which the foreigners got complete exemption. The East India Company carried on profitable trade with this province. Mir Jafar paid a sum of Rs 17,700,000 as compensation for the attack on Calcutta to the Company and the traders of the city. He then retired from Calcutta to celebrate his easy victory, letting the English escape with their ships. [citation needed]. An independent Bengal Sultanate was formed in 1352 and ruled the region for two centuries, during which a distinct form of Islam based on Sufism and the Bengali language emerged and the region was known as a major trading nation in the world. The Prime Minister of Bengal, supported by Hindu and Muslim politicians, proposed a United Bengal as a sovereign state. The fateful battle of Plassey was a battle only in name. [29] Large urban settlements formed in the middle of the first millennium BCE,[30] when the Northern Black Polished Ware culture dominated the northern part of Indian subcontinent. [83][84] In 1696, the English built Fort William on the bank of the Hooghly River. He survived the invasions of Rajendra Chola I and the Chalukya dynasty. [34], In the Greco-Roman world, accounts of the Gangaridai Kingdom are considered by historians to have referred to Bengal. In the 16th century, the Mughal emperor Humayun was forced to take shelter in Persia as the conqueror Sher Shah Suri rampaged through the subcontinent. Around the early 18th century, the Maratha Empire led invasions of Bengal. After the Conquest of Sylhet in the 14th century, the region was absorbed into Shamsuddin Firoz Shah 's independent principality based in Lakhnauti, Western Bengal. M. Mufakharul Islam (edited) (2004) Socio-Economic History of Bangladesh: essays in memory of Professor Shafiqur Rahman, 1st Edition, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Under Mauryan rule, the economic system benefited from the creation of a single efficient system of finance, administration, and security. [2] Bengal, at times, has played an important role in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The partition of Bengal in 1947 left a deep impact on the people of Bengal. Rise of British Power in Bengal During 18th century, Bengal was the richest province in India, attracted traders from Holland, France and England. The city-based Hindu middle classes became the fiery champions of All-India based nationalism. The plunder of Bengal made direct significant contributions to the Industrial Revolution in Britain,[15][16][17][18] with the capital amassed from Bengal used to invest in British industries such as textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution and greatly increase British wealth, while at the same time leading to deindustrialisation in Bengal. [86] Several rail companies were established in Bengal during the 19th century, including the Eastern Bengal Railway and Assam Bengal Railway. Eventually, the French presence in Bengal was only restricted to the colony of Chandernagore, which was administered by the governor in Pondicherry. His grandson and successor Siraj-ud-daulah was the last independent Nawab of Bengal due to his defeat to British forces at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The settlement was established after the Bengal Sultanate granted permission to embassies from Portuguese India for the creation of a trading post. After permission from Mughal viceroy Shaista Khan in 1692, the French set up a settlement in Chandernagore. The centre of Indian culture and trade shifted from Delhi to Calcutta when the Mughal Empire fell. The beginnings of British political sway over India may be traced to the battle of Plassey in 1757, when the English East India Company’s forces defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. The Portuguese settlers in Chittagong included bureaucrats, merchants, soldiers, sailors, missionaries, slave traders and pirates. Provincial roots of Indian nationalism, however, may be traced to the beginning of the era of crown rule in Bombay, Bengal, and Madras. Several governors of Delhi in Bengal attempted to break away and create an independent state. However, the Indian National Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha forced the British viceroy Earl Mountbatten to partition Bengal along religious lines. British India During World War I Sirajul Islam (edited) (1997) History of Bangladesh 1704–1971(Three Volumes: Vol 1: Political History, Vol 2: Economic History Vol 3: Social and Cultural History), 2nd Edition (Revised New Edition), The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Pages: 1846. The railway was created in Britain in 1825. The city is housed on the east bank of the Hugli (Hooghly) River, which was once the main channel of the Ganges (Ganga) River, about 96 miles (154 km) upstream from the head of the Bay of Bengal. These kingdoms also helped introduce new music, painting, dancing and sculpture into Bengali art-forms as well as many temples were constructed during this period. They brought about a revival of Hinduism and cultivated Sanskrit literature in eastern India. The Company had been compelled to accept the authority of the Nawabs in the matter, but its servants had taken every opportunity to evade and defy this authority. The British took control of the region from the late 18th century. Bengal once accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, particularly in terms of silk and muslin goods. Their son, Maharaja Pratapnarayan, patronised literature and art, trade & commerce, as well as welfare of his subjects. The area was a melting pot of the Bengali-Assamese languages. From the 1850s, industry was centered around the capital Calcutta. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about history. The English, however, were not satisfied; they were aiming high. Nevertheless the English Company demanded the absolute right to trade freely in Bengal irrespective of the Bengal Nawab’s orders. The three allies clashed with the Company’s army at Buxar on 22 October 1764 and were thoroughly defeated. [60], Under Mughal rule, Bengal was a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trades. It was now determined to remain in Bengal even against the wishes of the Nawab and to trade there on its own terms. Ilyas Shah proclaimed himself as the "Shah of Bangalah". It was an exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, saltpetre, and agricultural and industrial produce. [68] Persians settled in Bengal to become clerics, missionaries, lawyers, teachers, soldiers, administrators and poets. Bengal was also the fostering ground for several prominent revolutionary organisations, the most notable of which was Anushilan Samiti. It also received the zamindari of the 24 Parganas near Calcutta. Famine had been a recurrent feature of life the Indian sub-continental countries of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, most notoriously during British rule.Famines in India resulted in more than 60 million deaths over the course of the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. The discovery of Gupta era coins across Bengal point to a monetised economy.[45]. A confederation of twelve zamindar families resisted the expansion of the Mughal Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries. It was the largest Bengali empire that was known to ancient and classical India. How could an independent ruler permit a private company of merchants to build forts or to carry on private wars on his land? Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist missionaries to various parts of Asia. The assembly was elected on the basis of the so-called "separate electorate" system created by the Communal Award. This amounted to a direct challenge to the Nawab’s sovereignty. Among the Hindu independence leaders from Bengal were Chittaranjan Das, Surendranath Banerjee, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chaki, Bagha Jatin, Khudiram Bose, Surya Sen, Binoy–Badal–Dinesh, Sarojini Naidu, Aurobindo Ghosh, Rashbehari Bose and many more. This Farman was a perpetual source of conflict between the Company and the Nawabs of Bengal. 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